During this time, there was a mutual pledge of non-aggression between the five Italian powers, sometimes known as the Italic League. Īfter the Treaty of Lodi, there was a balance of power resulting in a period of stability lasting for 40 years. The Peace of Lodi, concluded in 1454, brought forty years of comparative peace to Northern Italy, as Venetian conflicts focused elsewhere. The shifting counterweight in the balance was the allegiance of Florence, at first allied with Venice against encroachments by Visconti Milan, then switching to ally with Francesco Sforza against the increasing territorial threat of Venice. The wars, which were both a result and cause of Venetian involvement in the power politics of mainland Italy, found Venetian territory extended to the banks of the Adda and involved the rest of Italy in shifting alliances but only minor skirmishing. ![]() Important cultural centers of Tuscany and Northern Italy- Siena, Pisa, Urbino, Mantua, Ferrara-became politically marginalized. They were Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States and Naples. ![]() They lasted from 1423 until the signing of the Treaty of Lodi in 1454.ĭuring their course, the political structure of Italy was transformed: out of a competitive congeries of communes and city-states emerged the five major Italian territorial powers that would make up the map of Italy for the remainder of the 15th century and the beginning of the Italian Wars at the turn of the 16th century. The Wars in Lombardy were a series of conflicts between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan and their respective allies, fought in four campaigns in a struggle for hegemony in Northern Italy that ravaged the economy of Lombardy and weakened the power of Venice. ($1 = 0.Italian peninsula before Wars in Lombardy ( 1422) Under Italian law, companies are liable for any offences committed by their managers in their own interest. Settling a criminal case in Italy does not involve any admission of guilt or responsibility. ![]() Mylan declined to comment on the matter.Īt the end of Tuesday's closed-door hearing, Marco De Luca, the leading lawyer for San Donato, said the settlement reached with the healthcare group "seemed to be fair" as well as being the most useful outcome for everyone involved. Mylan itself settled the case by paying a 200,000 euro fine and agreeing to a confiscation of 1.2 million euros. The trial will start on July 14 in Milan and will also include eight individuals, including a former executive and consultant for San Donato, a Bayer sales manager, a Novartis manager and two executives and a former employee of the Italian unit of pharmaceutical group Mylan (VTRS.O), the sources said. In September, a Milan judge seized 2.3 million euros from Novartis in relation to the investigation. Novartis said it had always carried out transparent commercial relations with the San Donato Group, similar to those with other public and private health companies, in line with the company's policy and in full respect of current laws. The prosecutors alleged that the hospitals charged the regional health service the full price for drugs which they had obtained at a lower price thanks to credit notes issued by the pharmaceutical companies, the documents said.Īccording to the prosecutors, Novartis and Bayer benefited from the scheme by offering the credit notes to San Donato on condition that the healthcare group made large purchase orders.īayer declined to comment on the matter on Tuesday, while Novartis said it acknowledged the judge's decision "with regret" and denied any wrongdoing in the case. The hospitals, including the renowned San Raffaele Institute in Milan, were accused of claiming reimbursement for drugs obtained from Novartis and Bayer between 20 in a fraudulent way, prosecutors' documents showed. San Donato - Italy's largest private healthcare group with 19 hospitals, more than 16,000 employees and 4.7 million patients each year - has already paid a total of 32 million euros in damages to Lombardy authorities. Under the settlement the hospitals will pay 200,000 euros ($241,360) each as an "agreed penalty". The judge also accepted a settlement request by five hospitals belonging to the San Donato Group, one of Europe's largest private hospital groups, over their alleged involvement in the scheme, the sources said. The charges revolve around allegations that the companies sold drugs to hospitals at inflated prices as part of a scheme whereby the hospitals then fraudulently obtained funds from the regional government. ![]() MILAN, April 26 (Reuters) - A Milan judge on Tuesday indicted the Italian units of Novartis (NOVN.S) and Bayer (BAYGn.DE) on charges of operating a scheme to cheat the regional public health service in Lombardy, legal and judicial sources said.
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